Transport elements

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Table of Contents

• Einleitung
• Modellierungstechnische Grundlagen
  • Begriffsdefinitionen
  • Programmstruktur und Datenhaltung
  • Bildung der Zuflussbelastung
  • Berechnungsreihenfolge
  • Simulation types
  • Time series management
• Hydrological Basics
  • Rural Catchments
    • Soil moisture calculation
    • SCS-Method
  • Urban Catchments
  • Individual discharges
  • Transport elements
  • Consumers
  • Branching points
  • Talsperren
    • Betriebsregelkonzept
    • Grundlegende Typen von Betriebsregeln
    • Grundsätze zur Beschreibung von Betriebsregeln
    • Umsetzung der Gesetzmäßigkeiten für die Simulation
    • Anwendung an einem Beispiel
  • Storm-water overflows
  • Regenüberlaufbecken
• Systemübergreifende hydrologische Methoden
  • Speicherbaustein
  • Systemzustände
    • Steuern und Regeln

Transport elements model the translation and retention characteristics of natural streams and rivers or pipes. The calculation approaches of natural channels and pipes differ.

Abbildung 45: Calculations options for the transport element

Translation

The wave of inflow reaches the outflow with a certain time offset. This time offset corresponds to the travel time within the transport element. If travel time is shorter than the chosen calculation time step, translation characteristics will not be visible in the simulation results.

Open conduit calculated using Kalinin-Miljukov

A wave output is calculated for pipes using Kalinin-Miljikov. The necessary parameters for the Kalinin-Miljukov-Method are estimated program internally according to Euler (1983) for circular pipes. For non circular profiles the parameters are determined by supplying the hydraulic diameter and the cross-section area when the considered profile is completely filled.

characteristic length:	[math]\displaystyle{ L = 0.4 \cdot \frac{D}{I_S} \quad [\mbox{m}] }[/math]
retention constant:	[math]\displaystyle{ K = 0.64 \cdot L \cdot \frac{D^2}{Q_v} \quad [\mbox{s}] }[/math]

with:

D [m] = diameter of the circular pipe respectively hydraulic diameter

IS [-] = bottom slope of the pipe

Qv [m³/s] = maximum discharge capacity of the pipe

Maximum discharge capacity is calculated using the Prandtl-Colebrook equation:

[math]\displaystyle{ Q_v = A_v \left [ -2 \cdot \lg \left [ \frac{2.51 \cdot \nu}{D\sqrt{2gDI_S}}+\frac{k_b}{3.71 \cdot b} \right ] \cdot \sqrt{2gDI_S} \right ] }[/math]

with:

Av [m²] = cross-section area of the profile

ν [m²/s] = kinematic viscosity

kb [m] = roughness

g [m/s²] = gravitational acceleration

Corresponding to the characteristic length L the total length Lg of the element is split into n calculation segments of equal length.

with:

[math]\displaystyle{ n = \frac{L_g}{L} }[/math] (in which n is an integer)

The adjusted parameters are valid for the individual calculation segments.

[math]\displaystyle{ L^* = \frac{L_g}{n} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K^* = K \cdot \frac{L^*}{L} }[/math]

On the basis of these parameters the outflow at the downstream end of the element is calculated by running through the recursion formula n times.

recursion formula:

[math]\displaystyle{ Q_{a,i} = Q_{a,i-1} + C_1 \cdot (Q_{z,i-1} - Q_{a,i-1}) + C_2 \cdot (Q_{z,i} - Q_{z,i-1}) }[/math]

with

Qz = Inflow to the calculation segment

Qa = Outflow of the calculation segment

i = current calculation time step

i-1 = antecedent calculation time step

dt = time step increment

[math]\displaystyle{ C_1 = 1 - e^{-\frac{dt}{K^*}} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ C_2 = 1 - \frac{\frac{K^*}{dt}}{C_1} }[/math]

This approximation approach derived by Kalinin-Miljukov is a reservoir cascade as utilized for run-off concentration. Therefore the wave output of a transport element can be simulated through a reservoir cascade of n reservoirs with the retention constant K*.

This method was validated according to the paper of Euler (1983) (refer to Test_KalMil.pdf ).

Open Channel flow with input of channel geometry

Translation and retention characteristics are modeled for open channel flow by using Kalinin-Miljukov as well. The characteristic length as a Parameter of the Kalinin-Miljukov-Method is derived out of the uniform flow relationship according to Manning-Strickler (Rosemann (1970)).

Via the characteristic length the channel is split into individual segments. For each segment transmission behavior is modeled with a non-linear reservoir (refer to Speicherbaustein)with help of the uniform flow relationship.

Hint

For the simulation in BlueM a fictional vertical wall of 1m height is added to the provided channel geometry/profile in the TRS-File.

Using a water level – cross-section area - discharge characteristic curve

If the transmission behavior of a transport element is known through prior water level calculation, the results can be used in the form of a water level- cross-section area- discharge characteristic curve.

Open conduit pipes using a non-linear reservoir

The calculation utilizes the building block (a non-linear reservoir)according to Ostrowski (1992). The wave outflow is calculated via Teilfüllungs- bzw. Teilabflusskurve. Thereby the non-linear component of the outflow process is considered as opposed to the calculation using Kalinin-Miljukov.